When was nawsa founded

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New York: Compass Point Books, Van Voris, Jacqueline. Stanton's position in the suffrage movement as a symbolic leader suffered from that point, and Anthony's role was stressed more after that.

From to , the NAWSA organized about campaigns to get woman suffrage on state ballots as referenda. In the few cases where the issue actually got on to the ballot, it failed. In , Susan B. Anthony died, and the first generation of leadership was gone. In , the NAWSA began to try to appeal more to women beyond the educated classes and moved to more public action.

That same year, Washington State established statewide woman suffrage, followed in by California and in in Michigan, Kansas, Oregon, and Arizona. Also at about that time, many of the Southern suffragists began to work against the strategy of a federal amendment, fearing it would interfere with Southern limits on voting rights directed at African Americans. Having seen more militant actions in England, Paul and Burns wanted to organize something more dramatic. Two hundred marchers were injured, and Army troops were called in when police would not stop the violence.

Although Black suffrage supporters were told to march at the back of the march, so as not to threaten support for woman suffrage among white Southern legislators, some of the Black supporters including Mary Church Terrell circumvented that and joined the main march. Alice Paul's committee promoted actively the Anthony Amendment, re-introduced into Congress in April of Another large march was held in May of in New York.

This time, about 10, marched, with men making up about 5 percent of the participants. Estimates range from , to half a million onlookers. More demonstrations, including an automobile procession, followed, and a speaking tour with Emmeline Pankhurst. By December, the more conservative national leadership had decided that the Congressional Committee's actions were unacceptable. The December national convention expelled the Congressional Committee, which went on to form the Congressional Union and later became the National Woman's Party.

Carrie Chapman Catt had led the move to expel the Congressional Committee and its members; she was elected president again in Thirty state legislatures petitioned Congress for women's suffrage. Others within the movement, including within NAWSA, supported the war effort or switched from peace work to war support when the United States entered the war. They worried that pacifism and war opposition would work against the suffrage movement's momentum. With both wings of the suffrage movement continuing their pressure, President Woodrow Wilson was finally persuaded to support suffrage.

In May of , the House passed it again, and in June the Senate approved it. Then the ratification went to the states. On August 26 , , after the ratification by the Tennessee legislature, the Anthony Amendment became the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution. The strategy of the newly formed group was to push for the ratification of enough state woman suffrage amendments to force Congress to approve a Constitutional amendment.

The organization focused on recruiting new members and winning the vote for women. Between and , Wyoming and Utah entered the Union with woman suffrage in their constitutions, and Idaho and Colorado approved it by referenda. Over the next 14 years, suffragists launched nearly campaigns to get the question on other state ballots. They achieved only a handful of referenda, and won none of them.

The situation began to change in , when NAWSA aggressively organized state campaigns that reached beyond the traditional middle-class base of college-educated, privileged, and politically influential members, to include immigrant and working-class women.