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Although penicillin G therapy for 10 days remains the gold standard,treatment of streptoccal pharyngitis for 5 days with several kinds of cephalosporins or azithromycin is effective and has the advantage of greater compliance. Recent cases of rheumatic fever in children often have occurred in middle-income, suburban families. Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome generally has skin and soft tissues as portals of entry, especially when secondary infection is concurrent with varicella.
Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci GABHS are gram-positive bacteria that grow in culture as pairs or chains of variable length. On sheep blood agar they appear as transparent to opaque, round, small colonies surrounded by a zone of complete hemolysis Advertising Disclaimer ».
Sign In or Create an Account. Search Close. Create Account. Advanced Search. The most frequent clinical form of invasive virulent species of GCS infections are infections of bones, joints, and blood infections, and the noninvasive infections of the upper respiratory tracts [ 12 ].
Ekelund et al. Both Ekelund et al. Rantala presents two cases of elderly patients with recurring bacteremia caused by the most frequent GCS isolates, SDSE, and a broad range of diseases caused by the following subspecies: pharyngitis, tonsillitis, skin infection, soft tissue infection, wound infections, erysipelas, cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome, pneumonia, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, meningitis, endocarditis, and bacteremia [ 13 ].
Of particular interest are the reports about the relations between GCS with the pathogenesis of rheumatic fever in Australia and India [ 5 , 21 , 23 ] and first documented zoonotic diseases [ 6 , 8 , 9 , 22 , 24 ].
As has already been mentioned, though RF pathogenesis is not clear only in the upper respiratory tract infection, GAS may directly lead to rheumatic fever. Nataneli et al. The patient was a year-old man with HLA-B27 positive genotype this genotype predisposing an individual also to poststreptococcal reactive arthritis.
Morsch, however, describes the case of a year-old man, suffering from tophaceous gout, in whom olecranon bursitis developed as the result of a GCS infection [ 24 ]. The author notes that until now circa 15 cases of septic arthritis GCS have been documented, but none have been related to bursitis [ 24 ].
In publications one can find some data concerning zoonotic diseases. The first report describes the case of a year-old boy who lived on a horse farm; he became ill with meningitis caused by S. The second case is of a year-old girl suffering from meningitis caused by S.
A day before her illness she took part in horse races [ 9 ]. A description of GCS-dependent meningitis with cavernous sinus in an year-old man is worth mentioning [ 8 ].
Virulent species of GCS can also cause, among other things, impetigo, epiglottitis, and polyarthritis [ 5 , 6 , 21 ]. Due to the common origin of GCS and GAS the method of identification is to combine phenotypical and molecular techniques.
There are assumptions that virulent species of GCS can be related to the pathogenesis of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, especially among Aboriginal population of Australia. The range of GCS-dependent diseases is broad, including infections related to the respiratory system, skin infections and soft tissue infections, necrotizing fasciitis, streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, and bacteremia.
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Article of the Year Award: Outstanding research contributions of , as selected by our Chief Editors. Read the winning articles. Journal overview. Special Issues. Academic Editor: Nahuel Fittipaldi. Received 13 Feb Revised 24 Apr Accepted 21 May Published 12 Jun Abstract Group C streptococci GCS are livestock pathogens and they often cause zoonotic diseases in humans. Table 1. Table 2. Virulence factors and morbidity against human of group C streptococci.
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